The association of parental phubbing behavior with digital game use in preschool children
Abstract
The term “phubbing” is a combination of the words “phone” and “snubbing” and is explained as preferring the virtual environment to real communication by engaging with a smartphone during social interaction. Our study included 191 children aged 3–6 attending preschool education. The parents of the children were contacted via an online survey to provide information about their sociodemographic, general phubbing, digital game addiction tendencies, and social skills scale scores. The results showed a positive correlation between parental phubbing level and children's digital game addiction tendencies. Furthermore, the regression analysis revealed that parental phubbing was an increasing factor in children's tendency toward digital game addiction and a decreasing factor in children's social skill levels. In addition, we found that children's social skills may play a mediating role in the relationship between parental phubbing level and digital game addiction tendencies. Understanding the effects of parents' phubbing behaviors on children can help raise awareness and take measures to improve parent-child relationships.
References
- 2019). Phubbing: Perceptions, reasons behind, predictors, and impacts. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 1(2), 132–140. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.137 Crossref, Google Scholar (
- 2013). Validity and reliability of the Social Skill Scale (SSS) as an index of social competence for preschool children. Journal of Health Science, 2013(1), 5–11. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.health.20130301.02 Google Scholar (
- 2018). Investigation of digital game addiction of children playing digital game in terms of various variables. Ulakbilge Dergisi, 6(31), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.7816/ulakbilge-06-31-01 Crossref, Google Scholar (
- 2022). Influence of maternal mobile phone addiction on preschool child neglect in urban China: A cross-sectional study. Psychology, 13(5), 660–674. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2022.135045 Crossref, Google Scholar (
- 1977). Social learning theory (Vol. 1). Prentice Hall. Google Scholar (
- 1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 Crossref Medline, Google Scholar (
- 2020). The role of individual's need for online social interactions and interpersonal incompetence in digital game addiction. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 36(5), 449–463. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2019.1654696 Crossref, Google Scholar (
- 2014). Hello! I am sitting right in front of you. Tilburg University. Google Scholar (
- 2021). Smartphones in the nursery: Parental smartphone use and parental sensitivity and responsiveness within parent-child interaction in early childhood (0-5 years): A scoping review. Infant Mental Health Journal, 42(2), 161–175. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.21908 Crossref Medline, Google Scholar (
- 2020). Development of digital game addiction tendency scale and digital game parental mediation scale for preschool children, investigation of their relationship with problem behaviors. Pamukkale University. Google Scholar (
- 2022). Development of children's digital play addiction tendency and parental mediation scales. Ankara University Journal of Faculty of Educational Sciences (JFES), 55(3), 693–740. https://doi.org/10.30964auebfd.939653 Google Scholar (
- 1993). Interpersonal expectations, expectancy violations, and emotional communication. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 12(1-2), 30–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X93121003 Crossref, Google Scholar (
- 2016). Application of Expectancy Violations Theory to communication with and judgments about embodied agents during a decision-making task. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 91, 24–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2016.02.002 Crossref, Google Scholar (
- 2003). Preference for online social interaction: A theory of problematic Internet use and psychosocial well-being. Communication Research, 30(6), 625–648. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650203257842 Crossref, Google Scholar (
- 2016). Does multitasking with mobile phones affect learning? A review. Computers in Human Behavior, 54, 34–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/jxhb.2015.07.047 Crossref, Google Scholar (
- 2016). How “phubbing” becomes the norm: The antecedents and consequences of snubbing via smartphone. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 9–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.018 Crossref, Google Scholar (
- 2018a). The effects of “phubbing” on social interaction. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 48(6), 304–316. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12506 Crossref, Google Scholar (
- 2018b). Measuring phone snubbing behavior: Development and validation of the Generic Scale of Phubbing (GSP) and the Generic Scale of Being Phubbed (GSBP). Computers in Human Behavior, 88, 5–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.06.020 Crossref, Google Scholar (
- 2017). Phubbed and alone: Phone snubbing, social exclusion, and attachment to social media. Journal of the Association for Consumer Research, 2(2), 155–163. https://doi.org/10.1086/690940 Crossref, Google Scholar (
- 2001). A cognitive-behavioral model of pathological Internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 17(2), 187–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0747-5632(00)00041-8 Crossref, Google Scholar (
- 1986). Social survival for children: A trainer's resource book. Brunner/Mazel. Google Scholar (
- 2020). Determination of children's family profiles according to their digital game addiction. Journal of Education Faculty, 17(1), 144–174. https://doi.org/10.33711/yyuefd.691498 Google Scholar (
- 2023). The mediator's role of communication skills in the effect of social skills on digital game addiction, Acta Psychologica, 237, 103948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.103948 Crossref Medline, Google Scholar (
- 2019). Effects of phubbing: Relationships with psychodemographic variables. Psychological Reports, 123(5), 1578–1613. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294119889581 Crossref Medline, Google Scholar (
- 2010). Do they see it coming? Using expectancy violation to gauge the success of pedagogical reforms. Physical Review Special Topics-Physics Education Research, 6(1), 010102. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevSTPER.6.010102 Crossref, Google Scholar (
- 2013). Using expectancy violation to investigate student dissatisfaction in studio physics. Physics Education Research Conference, Portland, OR. Google Scholar (
- 2022). Phubbing, alienation, digital game addiction, independent self-construal, and interdependent self-construal among high school students: A path analysis. Behavioral Psychology/Psicologia Conductual, 30(1), 157–181. https://doi.org/10.51668/bp.8322108n Crossref, Google Scholar (
- 2019). An explorative model to assess individuals' phubbing risk. Future Internet, 11(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi11010021 Crossref, Google Scholar (
- 2004). Communication skills for effective management. Palgrave Macmillan. Crossref, Google Scholar (
- 2022). Parental phubbing and mental well-being: Preliminary study in Indonesia. Communications in Humanities and Social Sciences, 2(2), 53–59. https://doi.org/10.21924/chss.2.2.2022.34 Crossref, Google Scholar (
- 2015). Smartphone use and smartphone addiction among young people in Switzerland. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 4(4), 299–307. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.4.2015.037 Crossref Medline, Google Scholar (
- 2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (2nd ed.). Guilford Press. Google Scholar (
- 2016). Not at the dinner table: Parents' and children's perspectives on family technology rules. In Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing, 1376–1389. https://doi.org/10.1145/2818048.2819940 Google Scholar (
- 2015). Determinants of phubbing, which is the sum of many virtual addictions: A structural equation model. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 4(2), 60–74. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.4.2015.005 Crossref Medline, Google Scholar (
- 2016). The virtual world's current addiction: Phubbing. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 3(2), 223–269. https://doi.org/10.15805/addicta.2016.3.0013 Crossref, Google Scholar (
- 2021). The validity and reliability of Turkish form of the Social Skills Scale in early childhood. Erken Çocukluk Çalişmalari Dergisi, 5(2), 469–493. https://doi.org/10.24130/eccd-jecs.1967202152249 Google Scholar (
- 2019). Digital 2019: Global digital yearbook. Retrieved January 3, 2023, from https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2019-global-digital-yearbook Google Scholar (
- 2016). Personality factors predicting smartphone addiction predisposition: Behavioral inhibition and activation systems, impulsivity, and self-control. PLoS One, 11(8), e0159788. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159788 Crossref Medline, Google Scholar (
- 1991). Expectancy violation and student rating of instruction. Communication Quarterly, 39(4), 341–350. Crossref, Google Scholar (
- 2016). Why phubbing is toxic for your relationship: Understanding the role of smartphone jealousy among “Generation Y” users [Paper presentation]. 24th European Conference in Information Systems, Istanbul, Turkey. Google Scholar (
- 1998). Internet paradox: A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being? American Psychologist, 53(9), 1017. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.53.9.1017 Crossref Medline, Google Scholar (
- 2009). Development and validation of a game addiction scale for adolescents. Media Psychology, 12(1), 77–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213260802669458 Crossref, Google Scholar (
- 2022). Association of parental screen addiction with young children's screen addiction: A chain-mediating model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(19), 12788. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912788 Crossref Medline, Google Scholar (
- 2022). The effect of mother phubbing on young children's emotional and behavioral problems: A moderated mediation model of mother-child attachment and parenting stress. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(24), 16911. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph192416911 Crossref Medline, Google Scholar (
- 2017). Depression, anxiety, and smartphone addiction in university students—A cross sectional study. PLoS One, 12(8), e0182239. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0182239 Crossref Medline, Google Scholar (
- 2019). Parent distraction with phones, reasons for use, and impacts on parenting and child outcomes: A review of the emerging research. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 1(2), 72–80. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.139 Crossref, Google Scholar (
- 2018). Technoference: Parent distraction with technology and associations with child behavior problems. Child Development, 89(1), 100–109. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12822 Crossref Medline, Google Scholar (
- 2017). Attitude and emotional response among university students of Ankara towards phubbing. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Educational Research, 6(11), 143–152. Google Scholar (
- 2020). Parental phubbing and adolescent problematic mobile phone use: The role of parent-child relationship and self-control. Children and Youth Services Review, 116, 105247. https://doi.org/10.1016/jxhildyouth.2020.105247 Crossref, Google Scholar (
- 2004). Ruh sağliği ve bozukluklari [Mental health and disorders]. Nobel Tip Press. Google Scholar (
- 2018). Is smartphone addiction really an addiction? Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(2), 252–259. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.49 Crossref Medline, Google Scholar (
- 2019). Relationship of phubbing, a behavioral problem, with assertiveness and passiveness: A study on adolescents. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 11(3), 34–45. https://doi.org/10.15345/iojes.2019.03.003 Google Scholar (
- 2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879 Crossref Medline, Google Scholar (
- 2022). Mother phubbing and adolescent cyberbullying: The mediating role of perceived mother acceptance and the moderating role of emotional stability. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(11-12), NP9591–NP9612. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520983905 Crossref Medline, Google Scholar (
- 1986). The warmth dimension: Foundations of parental acceptance-rejection theory. Sage Publications. Google Scholar (
- 2015). Always connected or always distracted? ADHD symptoms and social assurance explain problematic use of mobile phone and multicommunicating. Journal of ComputerMediated Communication, 20(6), 667–681. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12140 Google Scholar (
- 2023). Do adolescents addict to Internet games after being phubbed by parents? The roles of maladaptive cognition and self-esteem. Current Psychology, 42(3), 2255–2267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03255-z Crossref, Google Scholar (
- 1986). Sosyal beceriler ve değerlendirme yöntemleri [Social skills and assessment methods]. Psikoloji Dergisi, 5(20), 24–29. Google Scholar (
- 2021). The effects of smartphone addiction on learning: A meta-analysis. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 4, 100114. https://doi.org/10.1016/jxhbr.2021.100114 Crossref, Google Scholar (
- 2011). Mobile phone use and stress, sleep disturbances, and symptoms of depression among young adults—A prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health, 11, 66. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-66 Crossref Medline, Google Scholar (
- 2007). Online communication and adolescent well-being: Testing the stimulation versus the displacement hypothesis. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12(4), 1169–1182. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00368.x Crossref, Google Scholar (
- 2020). Are parents less responsive to young children when they are on their phones? A systematic naturalistic observation study. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 23(6), 363–370. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2019.0472 Crossref Medline, Google Scholar (
- 2006). Why are adolescents addicted to online gaming? An interview study in Taiwan. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 9(6), 762–766. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2006.9.762 Crossref Medline, Google Scholar (
- 2022). The relationship between parental phubbing and short-form videos addiction among Chinese adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 32(4), 1580–1591. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12744 Crossref Medline, Google Scholar (
- 2022). How is father phubbing associated with adolescents' social networking sites addiction? Roles of narcissism, need to belong, and loneliness. Journal of Psychology, 156(5), 331–348. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2022.2034726 Crossref Medline, Google Scholar (
- 2014). Association between problematic cellular phone use and suicide: The moderating effect of family function and depression. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 55(2), 342–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.09.006 Crossref Medline, Google Scholar (
- 2022). Parental phubbing and children's social withdrawal and aggression: A moderated mediation model of parenting behaviors and parents' gender. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(21-22), NP19395–NP19419. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211042807. Crossref Medline, Google Scholar (
- 2012). Examining the impact of off-task multi-tasking with technology on real-time classroom learning. Computers & Education, 58(1), 365–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/jxompedu.2011.08.029 Crossref, Google Scholar (
- 2019). Parents' phubbing increases adolescents' mobile phone addiction: Roles of parent-child attachment, deviant peers, and gender. Children and Youth Services Review, 105, 104426. https://doi.org/10.1016/jxhildyouth.2019.104426 Crossref, Google Scholar (
- 2020). Parental phubbing accelerates depression in late childhood and adolescence: A two-path model. Journal of Adolescence, 78, 43–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.12.004 Crossref Medline, Google Scholar (
- 2022). The mediating role of loneliness and the moderating role of gender between peer phubbing and adolescent mobile social media addiction. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(16), 10176. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerphl91610176 Crossref Medline, Google Scholar (
- 2020). Holistic technological addiction of modern age: Phubbing. Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar, 12(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.551299 Crossref, Google Scholar (
- 2015). Okul öncesi dönemde sosyal-duygusal gelişimi [Social-emotional development in preschool]. In Turan F., & Yükselen I. (Eds.), Her yönüyle okul öncesi eğitim-1 [Pre-school education in all aspects-1] (pp. 276–288). Hedef CS Press. Google Scholar (
- 2009). Symptoms of problematic cellular phone use, functional impairment and its association with depression among adolescents in Southern Taiwan. Journal of Adolescence, 32(4), 863–873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2008.10.006 Crossref Medline, Google Scholar (
- 2022). Teachers' opinions on digital gaming habits in early childhood children. Uluslararasi Bilim ve Eğitim Dergisi, 5(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.47477/ubed.1030715 Google Scholar (
- 2015). Investigation of adolescent mobile phone addiction by social anxiety effect of some variable. Online Journal of Technology Addiction and Cyberbullying, 2(2), 20–37. Google Scholar (
- 2023). Parental phubbing and child social-emotional adjustment: A meta-analysis of studies conducted in China. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 16, 4267–4285. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S417718 Crossref Medline, Google Scholar (
- 2021). Why parental phubbing is at risk for adolescent mobile phone addiction: A serial mediating model. Children and Youth Services Review, 121, 105873. / https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105873 Crossref, Google Scholar (
- 2022). The effect of parent phubbing on Chinese adolescents' smartphone addiction during COVID-19 pandemic: Testing a moderated mediation model. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 2022, 569–579. https://doi.org/10.2147/prbm.s349105 Crossref, Google Scholar (
- 2022). Parental phubbing and Internet gaming addiction in children: Mediating roles of parent-child relationships and depressive symptoms. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 25(8), 512–517. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2022.0021 Crossref Medline, Google Scholar (