A Social-Cognitive Neuroscience Analysis Of The Self

References

• Allen , B. P., & Potkay, C. R. (1981). On the arbitrary distinction between traits and states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 916–928. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Anderson , J. R. (1976). Language, memory, and thought. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Google Scholar
• Anderson , J. R. (1978). Arguments concerning representations for mental imagery. Psychological Review, 85, 249–277. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Anderson , N. H. (1968). Likeableness ratings of 555 personality-trait words. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9, 272–279. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bachna , K., Sieggreen, M. A., Cermack, L., Penk, W., & O'Connor, M. (1998). MMPI/MMPI-2: Comparisons of amnesic patients. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 13, 535–542. Google Scholar
• Baron-Cohen , S. (1989). Are autistic children “behaviorists?” An examination of their mental-physical and appearance-reality distinctions. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 19, 579–600. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Barsalou , L. W. (1990). On the indistinguishability of exemplar memory and abstraction in category representation. In T. K. Srull & R. S. Wyer (Eds.), Advances in social cognition (Vol. 3, pp. 61–88). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Google Scholar
• Beatty , W. W., English, S., & Ross, E. D. (1997). Retrograde amnesia for medical and other knowledge in a physician with Alzheimer's disease. Neurocase, 3, 297–305 Crossref, Google Scholar
• Bower , G. H., & Gilligan, S. G. (1979). Remembering information related to one's self. Journal of Research in Personality, 13, 420–432. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Brandt , J., & Rich, J. B. (1995). Memory disorders in the dementias. In A. D. Baddeley, B. A. Wilson, & F. N. Watts (Eds.), Handbook of memory disorders (pp. 243–270). New York: Wiley. Google Scholar
• Brewer , W. F. (1986). What is autobiographical memory? In D. C. Rubin (Ed.), Autobiographical memory (pp. 25–49). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
• Brown , P., Keenan, J. M., & Potts, G. R. (1986). The self-reference effect with imagery encoding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 897–906. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Buss , D. M., & Craik, K. H. (1983). The act frequency approach to personality. Psychological Review, 90, 105–126. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Caramazza , A. (1986). On drawing inferences about the structure of normal cognitive systems from the analysis of patterns of impaired performance: The case for single-patient studies. Brain and Cognition, 5, 41–66. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Caramazza , A., & Shelton, J. (1998). Domain-specific knowledge systems in the brain: The animate-inanimate distinction. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 10, 1–34. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Carruthers , P. (1996). Autism as mind-blindness: An elaboration and partial defense. In P. Carruthers & P. K. Smith (Eds.), Theories of theories of mind (pp. 257–273). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
• Cermak , L. S. (1984). The episodic-semantic memory distinction in amnesia. In. L. R. Squire, & N. Butters (Eds.), Neuropsychology of memory (pp. 45–54). New York: Guilford Press. Google Scholar
• Corkin , S. (2002). What's new with the amnesic patient H.M.? Nature Reviews: Neuroscience, 3, 153–160. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Craik , F. I. M., Moroz, T. M., Moscovitch, M., Stuss, D. T., Winocur, G., Tulving, E., & Kapur, S. (1999). In search of the self: A PET investigation of self-referential information. Psychological Science, 10, 26–34. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Cosmides , L., & Tooby, J. (2000). Consider the source: The evolution of adaptations for decoupling and metarepresentation. In D. Sperber (Ed.), Metarepresentations: A multidisciplinary perspective. Vancouver studies in cognitive science (pp. 53–115). New York: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar
• Crovitz , H. F., & Schiffman, H. (1974). Frequency of episodic memories as a function of their age. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 4(5B), 517–518. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Crowder , R. G. (1976). Principles of learning and memory. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Google Scholar
• Dalla Barba , G., Cappelletti, J. Y., Signorini, M., & Denes, G. (1997). Confabulation: Remembering “another” past, planning “another” future. Neurocase, 3, 425–436. Google Scholar
• De Renzi , E., Liotti, M., & Nichelli, P. (1987). Semantic amnesia with preservation of autobiographical memory. A case report. Cortex, 23, 575–597. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Dorrego , M., Sabe, L., Cuerva, A., Kuzis, G., Tiberti, C., Boller, F., & Starkstein, S. E. (1999). Remote memory in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 11, 490–497. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Downs , M. (1997). The emergence of the person in dementia research. Aging and Society, 17, 597–607. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Eakins , P. J. (1999). How our lives become stories: Making selves. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Google Scholar
• Edwards , A. L. (1970). The measurement of personality traits by scales and inventories. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. Google Scholar
• Ferguson , T. J., Rule, G. R., & Carlson, D. (1983). Memory for personally relevant information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 251–261. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Feinberg , T. E. (2001). Altered egos: How the brain creates the self. New York: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar
• Fodor , J. A. (1983). The modularity of mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Google Scholar
• Foster , J. K. & Jelicic, M. (1999). Memory: Systems, process, or function? New York: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar
• Frith , C. (1992). The cognitive neuropsychology of schizophrenia. East Sussex, England: Erlbaum/Taylor & Francis. Google Scholar
• Gallagher , S. (2000). Philosophical conceptions of the self: Implications for cognitive science. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4, 14–21. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Galton , F. (1879). Psychometric experiments. Brain, 2, 149–162. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Gardner , H. (1985). The mind's new science: A history of the cognitive revolution. New York: Basic Books. Google Scholar
• Gazzaniga, M. S. (Ed.). (1995). The cognitive neurosciences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Google Scholar
• Gazzaniga , M. S., Ivry, R. B., & Mangun, G. R. (1998). Cognitive neuroscience: The biology of mind. New York: Norton. Google Scholar
• Gennaro , R. J. (1996). Consciousness and self-consciousness. Phildelphia, PA: John Benjamins Publishing Co. Google Scholar
• Gergen , K. J. (1971). The concept of the self. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Google Scholar
• German , T., & Leslie, A. (2000). Attending to and learning about mental states. In P. Mitchell && K. Riggs (Eds.), Reasoning and the mind (pp. 229–252). Hove, UK: Psychology Press. Google Scholar
• Greenwald , A. G. (1981). Self and memory. In G. H. Bower (Eds.), The psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 15, pp. 201–236). New York: Academic Press. Google Scholar
• Greenwald , A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1989). The self as a memory system: Powerful, but ordinary. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 41–54. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Greenwald , A. G., & Pratkanis, A. R. (1984). The self. In R. S. Wyer & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition (Vol. 3, pp. 129–178). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Google Scholar
• Grubb , N. R., Fox, K. A. A., Smith, K., Best, J., Blane, A., Ebmeier, K. P., Glabus, M. F., & O'Carroll, R. E. (2000). Memory impairment in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survivors is associated with global reduction in brain volume, not focal hippocampal injury. Stroke, 31, 1509–1514. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Higgins , E. T., & Bargh, J. A. (1987). Social cognition and social perception. Annual review of Psychology, 38, 369–425. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hirshman , E., & Lanning, K. (1999). Evaluating the role of self-judgments in conscious recollection. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 13, 29–42. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hirst , W. (1994). The remembered self in amnesics. In U. Neisser & R. Fivush (Eds.), The remembered self: Construction and accuracy in the self-narrative (pp. 252–277). New York: Cambridge University press. Google Scholar
• Hintzman , D. L. (1986). “Schema abstraction” in a multiple-trace memory model. Psychological Review, 93, 411–428. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hobson , P. R. (1993). Autism and the development of mind. East Sussex, England: Psychology Press. Google Scholar
• Hodges , J. R., & Patterson, K. (1997). Semantic memory disorders. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 1(2), 68–72. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Hull , J. G., & Levy, A. S. (1979). The organizational functions of the self: An alternative to the Duval and Wicklund model of self-awareness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 756–768. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Humphrey , N. (1984). Consciousness regained: Chapters in the development of mind. New York: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar
• Humphrey , N. (1986). The inner eye. London: Faber and Faber, Ltd. Google Scholar
• James , W. (1890). The principles of psychology (Vol. 1). New York: Holt. Google Scholar
• Johnson , M. K., Kim, J. K., & Risse, G. (1985). DO alcoholic Korsakoff's syndrome patients acquire affective reactions? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 11, 22–36. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kazuki , H., Hashimoto, M., Hirono, N., Mamura, T., Taniimukai, S., Hanihara, T., Ikeda, M., Komori, K., & Mori, E. (2000). A study of remote memory in Alzheimer's disease using the family line test. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 11, 53–58. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Keenan , J. M., (1993). An exemplar model can explain Klein and Loftus' results. In T. K. Srull & R. S. Wyer (Eds.), Advances in social cognition (Vol. 5, pp. 69–77). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Google Scholar
• Keenan , J. M., & Baillet, S. D. (1980). Memory for personally and socially significant events. In R. S. Nickerson (Ed.), Attention and performance (Vol. 8, pp. 651–669). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Google Scholar
• Kendzierski , D. (1980). Self-schemata and scripts: The recall of self-referent and scriptal information. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 6, 23–29. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kihlstrom , J. F., Cantor, N., Albright, J. S., Chew, B. R. Klein, S. B., & Niedenthal, P. M. (1988). Information processing and the study of the self. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 21, pp. 145–177). New York: Academic Press. Google Scholar
• Kihlstrom , J. F., & Klein, S. B. (1994). The self as a knowledge system. In R. S. Wyer & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition. Vol 1. Basic processes (pp. 153–208). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Google Scholar
• Kihlstrom , J. F., & Klein, S. B. (1997). Self-knowledge and self-awareness. In J. G. Snodgrass & R. L. Thompson (Eds.), Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences: (Vol. 818). The self across psychology: Self-awareness, self-recognition, and the self-concept (pp. 5–17). New York: New York Academy of Sciences. Google Scholar
• Kihlstrom , J. F., & Klein, S. B. (in press). The self. Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science, Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK: Macmillan. Google Scholar
• Kinsbourne , M., & Wood, F. (1975). Short-term memory processes and the amnesic syndrome. In D. Deutsch & J. A. Deutsch (Eds.), Short-term memory (pp. 257–291). New York: Academic Press. Google Scholar
• Kirby , D. M., & Gardner, R. C. (1972). Ethnic stereotypes: Norms on 208 words typically used in their assessment. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 26, 140–154. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kircher , T. T. J., Senior, C., Phillips, M. L., Benson, P. J., Bullmore, E. T., Brammer, M., Simmons, A., Williams, S. C. R., Bartels, M., & David, A. S. (2000). Towards a functional neuroanatomy of self processing: Effects of faces and words. Cognitive Brain Research, 10, 133–144. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Klein , S. B. (1999). Memory and the self. McGraw-Hill 1999 Yearbook of Science and Technology, New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 227–229. Google Scholar
• Klein , S. B. (2001). A self to remember: A cognitive neuropsychological perspective on how self creates memory and memory creates self. In C. Sedikides & M. B. Brewer (Eds.), Individual self, relational self, and collective self (pp. 25–46). Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press. Google Scholar
• Klein , S. B., Babey, S. H., & Sherman, J. W. (1997). The functional independence of trait and behavioral self-knowledge: Methodological considerations and new empirical findings. Social Cognition, 15, 183–203. Link, Google Scholar
• Klein , S. B., Chan, R. L., & Loftus, J. (1999). Independence of episodic and semantic self-knowledge: The case from autism. Social Cognition, 17, 413–436. Link, Google Scholar
• Klein , S. B., Cosmides, L., Costabile, K. A., & Mei, L. (in press). Is there something special about the self? A neuropsychological case study. Journal of Research in Personality. Google Scholar
• Klein , S. B., Cosmides, L., Tooby, J., & Chance, S. (in press). Decisions and the evolution of memory: Multiple systems, multiple functions. Psychological Review. Google Scholar
• Klein , S. B., & Kihlstrom, J. F. (1986). Elaboration, organization, and the self-reference effect in memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 115, 26–38. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Klein , S. B., & Kihlstrom, J. F. (1998). On bridging the gap between social-personality psychology and neuropsychology. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2, 228–242. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Klein , S. B., & Loftus, J. (1988). The nature of self-referent encoding: The contributions of elaborative and organizational processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 5–11. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Klein , S. B., & Loftus, J. (1990). The role of abstract and exemplar-based knowledge in self-judgments: Implications for a cognitive model of the self. In T. K. Srull & R. S. Wyer (Eds.), Advances in social cognition (Vol. 3, pp. 131–139). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Google Scholar
• Klein , S. B., & Loftus, J. (1993). The mental representation of trait and autobiographical knowledge about the self. In T. K. Srull & R. S. Wyer (Eds.), Advances in social cognition (Vol. 5, pp. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Google Scholar
• Klein , S. B., Loftus, J., & Burton, H. A. (1989). Two self-reference effects: The importance of distinguishing between self-descriptiveness judgments and autobiographical retrieval in self-referent encoding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 853–865. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Klein , S. B., Loftus, J., & Kihlstrom, J. F. (1996). Self-knowledge of an amnesic patient: Toward a neuropsychology of personality and social psychology. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 125, 250–260. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Klein , S. B., Loftus, J., & Kihlstrom, J. F. (in press). Memory and temporal experience: The effects of episodic memory loss on an amnesic patient's ability to remember the past and imagine the future. Social Cognition. Google Scholar
• Klein , S. B., Loftus, J., & Sherman, J. W. (1993). The role of summary and specific behavioral memories in trait judgments about the self. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 305–311. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Klein , S. B., Loftus, J., Trafton, R. G., & Fuhrman, R. W. (1992). The use of exemplars and abstractions in trait judgments: A model of trait knowledge about the self and others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 739–753. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Klein , S. B., Sherman, R. W., & Loftus, J. (1996). The role of episodic and semantic memory in the development of trait self-knowledge. Social Cognition, 14, 277–291. Link, Google Scholar
• Kolb , B., & Whishaw, I. Q. (1996). Fundamentals of human neuropsychology, (4th ed.). New York: Freeman. Google Scholar
• Kopelman , M. D. (1994). The autobiographical memory interview (AMI) in organic and psychogenic amnesia. Memory, 2, 211–235. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Kopelman. M. D. , Wilson, B. A., & Baddeley, A. D. (1989). The autobiographical memory interview: A new assessment of autobiographical and personal semantic memory in amnesic patients. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Psychology, 11, 724–744. Google Scholar
• Kopelman , M. D., Wilson, B., & Baddeley, A. D. (1990). The Autobiographical Memory Interview. Bury St. Edmunds, UK: Thames Valley Test Company. Google Scholar
• Leslie , A. M. (1987). Pretense and representation: The origins of “Theory of mind”. Psychological Review, 94, 412–426. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Leslie , A. M., & Thaiss, L. (1992). Domain specificity in conceptual development: Neuropsychological evidence from autism. Cognition, 43, 225–251. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Lieberman , M. D., Ochsner, K. N., Gilbert, D. T., & Schacter, D. L. (2001). Do amnesiacs exhibit cognitive dissonance reduction? The role of explicit memory and attention in attitude change. Psycbological Science, 12, 135–140. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Linville , P., & Carlston, D. E. (1994). Social cognition of the self. In P. G. Devine D. L. Hamilton, & T. M. Ostrom (Eds.), Social cognition: Impact on social psychology (pp. 143–193). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. Google Scholar
• Locksley , A., & Lenauer, M. (1981). Considerations for a theory of self-inference processes. In N. Cantor & J. F. Kihlstrom (Eds.), Personality, cognition, and social interaction (pp. 263–277). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Google Scholar
• Lord , C. G. (1993). The “social self” component of trait knowledge about the self. In T. K. Srull & R. S Wyer (Eds.), Advances in social cognition (Vol. 5, pp. 91–100). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Google Scholar
• Mackenzie Ross , S. J., & Hodges, J. R. (1997). Preservation of famous person knowledge in a patient with severe post anoxic amnesia. Cortex, 33, 733–742. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Maki , R. H., & McCaul, K. D. (1985). The effects of self-reference versus other reference on the recall of traits and nouns. Bulleting of the Psychonomic Society, 23, 169–172. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Markowtisch , H. J., Calabrese, P, Neufeldt, H., Gehlen, W., & Durwen, H. F. (1999). Retrograde amnesia for world knowledge and preserved memory for autobiographical events. A case report. Cortex, 35, 243–252. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Marr , D. (1982). Vision. San Francsico: Freeman. Google Scholar
• Martin , R. C. (2000). Contributions from the neuropsychology of language and memory to the development of cognitive theory. Journal of Memory and Language, 43, 149–156. Crossref, Google Scholar
• McCarthy R. A. , & Warrington, E. K. (1992). Actors but not scripts: The dissociation of people and events in retrograde amnesia. Neuropsychologia, 30, 633–644. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Macrae , C. N., Bodenhausen, G. V., Schloerscheidt, A. M., & Milne, A. B. (1998). Tales of the unexpected: Executive function and person perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 200–213. Crossref, Google Scholar
• McCrae , R. R. (1982). Consensual validation of personality traits: Evidence from self-reports and ratings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 293–303. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Milner , A. D., & Goodale, M. A. (1995). The visual brain in action. New York: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar
• Moscovitch , M., Yaschyshyn, T., Ziegler, M., & Nadel, L. (2000). Remote episodic memory and retrograde amnesia: Was Tulving right all along? In E. Tulving (Ed.), Memory, consciousness, and the brain: The Tallinn conference (pp. 331–345). Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press. Google Scholar
• Murdock , B. B. Jr. (1962). The serial position effect of free recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 64, 482–488. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Nebes , R. D. (1989). Semantic memory in Alzheimer's disease. Psychological Bulletin, 106, 377–394. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Neisser , U. (1988). Five kinds of self-knowledge. Philosophical Psychology, 1, 35–39. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Otto-de Haart , E. G., Carey, D. P., & Milne, A. B. (1999). More thoughts on perceiving and grasping the Muller-Lyer illusion. Neuropsychologia, 37, 1437–1444. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Parker , S. T., Mitchell, R. W., & Boccia, M. L. (Eds.). (1994). Self-awareness in animals and humans: Developmental perspectives. New York: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
• Parkin , A. J. (1987). Memory and amnesia. New York: Basil Blackwell. Google Scholar
• Parkin , A. J. (1996). Explorations in cognitive neuropsychology. Malden, MA: Blackwell. Google Scholar
• Perner , J. (1991). Understanding the representational mind. Cambrdidge, MA: MIT Press. Google Scholar
• Reinvang , I., & Gjerstad, L. (1998). Focal retrograde amnesia associated with vascular headache. Neuropsychologia, 36, 1335–1341. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Robinson , J. A. (1976). Sampling autobiographical memory. Cognitive Psychology, 8, 578–595. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Rogers , T. B. (1981). A model of the self as an aspect of the human information processing system. In N. Cantor & J. F. Kihlstrom (Eds.), Personality, cognition, and social interaction (pp. 193–214). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Google Scholar
• Rogers , T. B., Kuiper, N. A., & Kirker, W. S. (1977). Self-reference and the encoding of personal information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 677–688. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Rosenberg , M. (1979). Conceiving the self. New York: Basic Books. Google Scholar
• Rosenthal , D. M. (1986). Two concepts of consciousness. Philosophical Studies, 49, 329–359. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Sabat , S. R., & Collins, M. (1999). Intact social, cognitive ability, and selfhood: A case study of Alzheimer's disease. American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 14, 11–19. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Sagar , H. J., Choen, N. J., Sullivan, E. V., Corkin, S., & Growdon, J. H. (1998). Remote memory function in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Brain, 111, 185–206. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Sande , G. N. (1990). The multifaceted self. In J. M. Olson & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), Self-inference processes: The Ontario Symposium (Vol. 6, pp. 1–16). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Google Scholar
• Sande , G. N., Goethals, G. R., & Radloff, C. E. (1988). Perceiving one's own traits and others': The multifaceted self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 13–20. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Schacter , D. L., & Tulving, E. (Eds.) (1994). Memory systems 1994. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Google Scholar
• Schell , T. L., Klein, S. B., & Babey, S. H. (1996). Testing a hierarchical model of self-knowledge. Psychological Science, 7, 170–173. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Shallice , T. (1988). From neuropsychology to mental structure. New York: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
• Sherman , J. W., & Klein, S. B. (1994). Development and representation of personality impressions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 972–983. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Small , J. A., Geldart, K., Gutman, G., & Clarke Scott, M. A. (1998). The discourse of self in dementia. Aging and Society, 18, 291–316. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Smith , E. R., & Zarate, M. A. (1992). Exemplar-based models of social judgment. Psychological Review, 99, 3–21. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Symons , C. S., & Johnson, B. T. (1997). The self-reference effect in memory: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 371–394. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Tappen , R. M., Williams, C., Fishman, S., & Touhy, T. (1999). Persistence of self in advanced Alzheimer's diseaase. Image: Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 31, 121–125. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Tranel , D., & Damasio, A. R. (1993). The covert learning of affective valence does not require structures in the hippocampal system or amygdala. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 5, 79–88. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Tulving , E. (1983). Elements of episodic memory. New York: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar
• Tulving , E. (1985). Memory and consciousness. Canadian Psychology, 26, 1–12. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Tulving , E. (1993). Self-knowledge of an amnesic individual is represented abstractly. In T. K. Srull & R. S. Wyer (Eds.), Advances in social cognition (Vol. 5, pp. 147–156). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Google Scholar
• Tulving , E. (1995). Organization of memory: Quo vadis? In M.S. Gazzaniga (Ed.). The cognitive neurosciences (pp. 839–847). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Google Scholar
• Vallacher , R. R. (1980). An introduction to self theory. In D. M. Wegner & R. R. Vallacher (Eds.), The self in social psychology (pp. 3–30). New York: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar
• Warrington , E. K., & Shallice, T. (1984). Category-specific semantic impairment. Brain, 107, 829–853. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Weiskrantz , L. (1997). Consciousness lost and found. New York: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. (1981). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised [manual]. New York: Psychological Corp. Google Scholar
• Wheeler , M. A., Stuss, D. T., & Tulving, E. (1997). Toward a theory of episodic memory: The frontal lobes and autonoetic consciousness. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 331–354. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Wiggins , J. S. (1973). Personality and prediction: Principles of personality assessment. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Google Scholar
• Wilson , B., & Baddeley, A. D. (1988). Semantic, episodic, and autobiographical memory in a postmeningitic amnesic patient. Brain & Cognition, 8, 31–46. Crossref, Google Scholar
• Wyer , R. S., & Srull, T. K. (1986). Human cognition in its social context. Psychological Review, 93, 322–359. Crossref, Google Scholar